Framework Agreement on Iran’s Nuclear Program
The tensions between Iran and Western countries, especially with US started to rise in 2003. Since then, Western countries and US have tried to dismantle the Iran’s nuclear program (INP), insisting that in the framework of the INP, Tehran could conduct studies on nuclear weapons. Despite the fact that Iranian […]
Kazakhstan’s Trade with Central Asian Countries
Kazakhstan entered into the Customs Union with Russia and Belarus on July 1, 2011, and this decision played a crucial role in determining the country’s foreign trade policy. On January 1, 2015, the Customs Union transformed into the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) implying a greater importance of economic integration and […]
Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan-Turkmenistan-Iran-Oman International Transport and Transit Corridor
A signing ceremony of an International Agreement on Establishing a new international transport and transit corridor Uzbekistan – Turkmenistan – Iran – Oman – Qatar was held in Ashgabat on 25th of April, 2011. This agreement is known as “Ashgabat Agreement”.
Energy Security In Caspian Region: In The Context Of International Law
IV Summit of Heads of Caspian States was held in Astrakhan in Russian Federation in 29 September 2014. In this Summit, considerable issues such as cooperation between the Caspian states, the Caspian legal regime development and preservation of its unique natural habitat and aquatic biological resources were held in detail. […]
Southern Gas Corridor: A New Step For The Eu’s Energy Supply
Turkey and Azerbaijan have been trying to implement the Southern Gas Corridor Project as an important project which aims to help the region resources to meet with the world market. By an implementation of this Project, Azerbaijan’s gas (from the Caspian Sea) will have the opportunity to reach Italy, Europe. […]
General Environmental Impacts of Subsea Pipelines
In our fossil fuel dependent community oil and gas transportation via subsea pipelines is an important link in the chain of the petroleum industry. Although for some, a construction of offshore pipelines is an opportunity to safely and cheaply deliver oil and gas to a customer, for the others, the […]
Environmental Issues of the Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest endorheic body of water with a unique environmental system and abundant natural resources. Therefore, issues arising in the area are crucial to the countries sharing its waters (Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan).
Iran’s Nuclear Program: Past And Present
Iran’s nuclear program started in the 1950’s. Iran’s first nuclear activities were held by Shah Pahlavi under the “Atoms for Peace” program with the U.S. It has continuously been stated that the program was for peaceful purposes and obtaining nuclear energy. The U.S. and the European countries have continued to support […]
Small-And-Medium-sized-Enterprises-In-Kazakhstan:-General-Overview
One of the most distinct features that still determines the economic and social landscape of Kazakhstan and other Post-Communist States is the relatively small and underdeveloped private sector, which is supposed to be one of the most essential driving forces of the modern competitive market economy. A strong and competitive […]
Migration And Remittance: New Rules In Russian Labor And Immigration Law
As of January 1, 2015, Russia has introduced several laws in migration legislation, which would hit hard the Central Asian labor migrants, especially Tajiks and Uzbeks. Since Russia is the main destination country for the most of the Central Asian migrants, tightening the rules of entering and applying for a […]